Sept. 2019-Sept. 2021 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellow Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan Advisors: Dr. Andrew MacIntosh, Dr. Ikuma Adachi
EDUCATION
2015-2019 PhD in Primatology & Cognitive Ecology, Kyoto University, Japan Advisor: Dr. Andrew MacIntosh PhD committee: Valerie Curtis, Takeshi Furuichi, Michael Huffman, Ikuma Adachi, Andrew MacIntosh
2013-2014 MSc in Ecophysiology & Ethology, University of Strasbourg, France 2012-2013 Gap year at Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan 2011-2012 1st year of Master in Animal & Human Behavior, University of Rennes 1, France Advisors: Dr. Andrew MacIntosh, Dr. Cédric Sueur
2009-2011 BSc in Animal Biology, University of Caen Normandy, France 2010-2011 Exchange student, Erasmus Programme, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Advisor: Dr. Isabelle Duchatelle
RESEARCH PROJECTS
2019~ Cognitive and physiological responses to disgust elicitors in great apes Collaborators: Ikuma Adachi (KUPRI), Andrew MacIntosh (KUPRI), Yena Kim (Leiden University)
2019~ Primate community-based conservation Collaborators: Victor Narat (CNRS/MNHN), Noémie Bonnin (Liverpool John Moores University), Gaspard Van Hamme (Oxford Brookes University), Marie Cibot (Anicoon Vétérinaires), Papa Ibnou Ndiaye (Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar), Sarah Bortolamiol (CNRS), Jean-Pascal Guéry (La Vallée des Singes), Inza Kone (CSRS)
2019~ Exotic animal cafés, public health and wildlife trade Collaborators: Marie Sigaud (KUPRI), Tomomi Kitade (TRAFFIC Japan)
2012~ Parasite avoidance strategies and health maintenance in primates Collaborators: Andrew MacIntosh (KUPRI), Clémence Poirotte (DPZ), Marie Charpentier (CNRS/CEFE), Barthélémy Ngoubangoye (CIRMF), Raphaël Belais (Lola ya Bonobo), Takeshi Furuichi (KUPRI)
FIELDWORK & LABORATORY EXPERIENCE
2019~ (9mo) Visual cues connoting potential infection risk via touch-screen experiments with chimpanzees, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan 2018 (5mo) Hand-to-mouth contacts as a predictor of fecal-particle ingestion and parasite infection in bonobos, Wamba, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2016 (3mo) Infection-risk avoidance in semi-free ranging bonobos, Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015 (4mo) Avoidance of biological contaminants through sensory cues in chimpanzees, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon 2013~ (5mo) Coproscopic diagnostics for parasites of non-human primates, Parasite Lab, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan 2012-2014 (14mo) Hygiene, sociality and parasitism in Japanese macaques, Koshima Macaque Project, Koshima island, Japan 2012 (2mo) Personality in great apes, Freie Universität Berlin; Hellabrunn Zoo, Munich, Germany 2012 (2mo) Gestural communication in olive baboons, CNRS Station of Primatology, Rousset, France 2010 (2mo) Feeding of rescued chimpanzees and post-reintroduction monitoring, HELP Congo, Conkouati, Republic of Congo
GRANTS & AWARDS
2019-2021 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, postdoctoral fellowship (8,688 000 JPY) 2017-2019 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, doctoral fellowship (7,800 000 JPY) 2017 Oral presentation award (2nd). The 8th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan 2015-2018 Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (ad-libitum funding on request) 2017 The Royal Society, travel grant (900 GBP) 2015-2017 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, doctoral fellowship (3,480 000 JPY) 2015 Best poster presentation award. The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto University, Japan 2015 Best poster presentation award. The 3rd International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto University, Japan 2014 Best poster presentation award. The 1st International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, International Institute for Advanced Studies, Kizugawa, Japan 2014 University of Strasbourg, “Unistra” scholarship, France (750 EUR) 2014 Region of Alsace, “Boussole” scholarship, France (1,000 EUR) 2014 Montbell, Japan (Outdoor gear of 134,200 JPY) 2013 Cooperative Research Grant, Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Japan (65,000 JPY) 2012-2013 Foundation Rennes 1, “Cesure+” scholarship, France (2,500 EUR) 2010-2011 European Union, Erasmus Mundus scholarship, Brussels, Belgium (3,700 EUR)
PUBLICATIONS
*,** equal contributions
Journal articles
7. Sarabian C, Ngoubangoye B, MacIntosh AJJ (2020) Divergent strategies in faeces avoidance between two cercopithecoid primates. Royal Society Open Science 7(3): 191861 6. Poirotte C*, Sarabian C*, Ngoubangoye B, MacIntosh AJJ**, Charpentier M** (2019) Faecal avoidance differs between the sexes but not with nematode infection risk in mandrills. Animal Behaviour 149: 97-106 5. Sarabian C, Curtis V, McMullan R (2018) Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373(1751): 20170256 4. Sarabian C, Belais R, MacIntosh AJJ (2018) Feeding decisions under contamination risk in bonobos. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373(1751): 20170195 3. Sarabian C, Ngoubangoye B, MacIntosh AJJ (2017) Avoidance of biological contaminants through sight, smell and touch in chimpanzees. Royal Society Open Science 4(11): 170968 2. Romano V, Duboscq J, Sarabian C, Thomas E, Sueur C, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) Modeling infection transmission in primate networks to predict centrality-based risk. American Journal of Primatology 78(3): 22542 1. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2015) Hygienic tendencies correlate with low geohelminth infection in free-ranging macaques. Biology Letters 11(11): 20150757
Book chapters
2. Sarabian C (Accepted) Les origines du dégoût : Évitement du risque infectieux par les sens chez les primates. In Battesti V & Candau J « Apprendre des sens, apprendre par les sens : anthropologie des perceptions sensorielles » Éditions PETRA, Paris 1. Sarabian C (2017) Répartition géographique et éthologie de l'Ours. In Hoffmann-Schickel K, Le Roux P, Navet E « Sous la peau de l'Ours, L'humanité et les ursidés : aspects techniques, zoologiques, psychologiques, symboliques, mythologiques et anthropologiques » Connaissances et Savoirs, Paris
3. Sarabian C & MacIntosh AJJ (2018) A sense of disgust in bonobos? EurekAlert!, AAAS 2. Sarabian C & MacIntosh AJJ (2017) What grosses out a chimpanzee? EurekAlert!, AAAS 1. Sarabian C (2017) In the dirt: do primates yuck? The Ethogram
TALKS
Keynote talks
4. Sarabian C (2020) Yuck! Behavioral immunity and potential conservation applications. The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) Virtual Conference (theme: "How do pathogens and parasites affect behaviour?"), London, United Kingdom 3. Sarabian C (2019) Avoidance of biological contaminants in social primates. The Cognition, Behavior, Evolution & Network Conference (theme: "The costs and benefits of sociality"), Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2. Sarabian C (2019) Avoidance of biological contaminants in non-human primates. The 26th Annual PNIRS and GEBIN Scientific Meeting (member-sponsored symposium: "Disease avoidance: our first line of defense against pathogenic threats"), Berlin, Germany 1. Sarabian C (2017) A primate's sense of cleanliness: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. Royal Society Theo Murphy International Scientific Meeting ("Evolution of parasite and pathogen avoidance behaviours"), Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
Conferences
41. Xu S, Naito AM, Keuk K, Gris V, Maeda T, Kadam S, Sigaud M, Fitzgerald M, Sarabian C (2020) #PrimatesAreNotPets: Lessons learned from Conserv’Session. The 36th Annual Congress of the Primate Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (Online; in Japanese) 40. Sarabian C (2019) Comparative cognition for coexistence with wildlife. The 11th International Seminar on Biodiversity and Evolution: Coexistence with Wildlife, Kyoto, Japan 39. Sigaud M, Sarabian C (2019) Why animal cafés are bad news for wildlife? Welfare concerns and problematic origins of wildlife species displayed in Japanese animal cafés. The 11th International Seminar on Biodiversity and Evolution: Coexistence with Wildlife, Kyoto, Japan (Poster) 38. Sarabian C, Plotnik JM, Curtis V, Chapman C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Disgust as a tool to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts and enforce appropriate ecotourism practices? The 11th International Seminar on Biodiversity and Evolution: Coexistence with Wildlife, Kyoto, Japan (Poster) 37. Sigaud M, Sarabian C (2019) Why animal cafés are bad news for wildlife? Welfare concerns and problematic origins of wildlife species displayed in Japanese animal cafés. Symposium of Integrative Biology II: World Tour, Kyoto, Japan (Poster) 36. Narat V, Sarabian C, Bonnin N, Bortolamiol S, van Hamme V, Cibot-Chemin M, Guéry J.-P., Ibnou N, Kone I (2019) Qu'est-ce que la conservation communautaire des primates ? Un nouveau groupe de travail à la SFDP. The 32nd French Primatological Society Seminar, Branféré, France 35. Sarabian C, Curtis V, Chapman C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Primate conservation through disgust and public health: Introducing a new framework. The 2nd African Primatological Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda 34. Sarabian C, Curtis V, Chapman C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Disgust as a tool to mitigate human-primate conflicts and enforce appropriate ecotourism practices? The 2nd African Primatological Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda (Poster) 33. Sarabian C, Plotnik JM, Curtis V, Chapman C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Disgust as a tool to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts and enforce appropriate ecotourism practices? The 29th International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Poster) 32. Sarabian C, Plotnik JM, Curtis V, Chapman C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Conservation through disgust and public health: Introducing a new framework. The 29th International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 31. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Conservation through disgust and public health: Introducing a new framework. The 11th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto, Japan (Poster) 30. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2019) Conservation through disgust and public health: Introducing a new framework. Symposium of Integrative Biology: Biodiversity in Asia, Kyoto, Japan (Poster) 29. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2018) Do primates yuck? Pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviors in Papionini and Hominini. The 10th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto, Japan (Poster) 28. Sarabian C, Belais R, MacIntosh AJJ (2018) Feeding decisions under contamination risk in bonobos. The 27th International Primatological Society Congress, Nairobi, Kenya 27. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2018) Do primates yuck? Pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviors in Papionini and Hominini. The 27th International Primatological Society Congress, Nairobi, Kenya (Poster) 26. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2017) Contamination-risk sensitivity in Papionini and Hominini. The 8th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan 25. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2017) Pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviors: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. The 35th International Ethological Conference ("Behaviour 2017"), Estoril, Portugal (Poster) 24. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2017) Avoiding infection: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. The 33rd Annual Conference of the Japanese Primatological Society, Fukushima, Japan 23. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2017) Pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviors: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. The 7th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto, Japan 22. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2017) A primate's sense of cleanliness: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. Kyoto University Primate Research Institute 50th Anniversary Conference, Inuyama, Japan (Poster) 21. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) A primate's sense of cleanliness: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. The 6th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science and the 5th CCT-Bio International Workshop on Tropical Biodiversity and Conservation, Kyoto, Japan 20. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) A primate's sense of cleanliness: perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. The 26th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Chicago, USA 19. MacIntosh AJJ, Sarabian C, Duboscq J, Romano V, Kaneko A, Okamoto M, Suzumura T (2016) Parasites as a selective force in primate social systems evolution: perspectives from an empirical model. The 26th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Chicago, USA 18. MacIntosh AJJ, Sarabian C, Duboscq J, Romano V, Kaneko A, Okamoto M, Suzumura T (2016) Helminth parasites as potential regulators of Japanese macaque population dynamics. The 26th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Chicago, USA (Poster) 17. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) Revulsion in chimpanzees: health maintenance through avoidance of biological contaminants. Chimpanzees in Context, 'Understanding Chimpanzees' Symposium Series, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, USA (ePoster) 16. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) Testing disgust in non-human primates. The 31st International Congress of Psychology, Yokohama, Japan (Poster) 15. Sarabian C, Poirotte C, Charpentier M, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) Testing infection-risk avoidance in primates. The 5th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Inuyama, Japan 14. Sarabian C, Qaempanah M, Kazemi S, Vahabzadeh H (2015) Kavikonj Nature School: A promising program for conservation education in Iran. Student Conference on Conservation Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Poster) 13. Sarabian C (2015) Roots & Shoots Iran: From a simple letter to the Mashhad School of Nature. Student Conference on Conservation Science, Brisbane, Australia 12. Sarabian C (2015) The education value of zoos: report on the PWS Zoo/Museum course. The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto University, Japan 11. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2015) Hygiene correlates with low parasite infection in Japanese macaques. The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto University, Japan 10. Sarabian C (2015) The origins of hygiene: infection-risk avoidance in Papionini and Hominini. The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto University, Japan (Poster) 9. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2015) Hygiene correlates with low parasite infection in Japanese macaques. The 31st Congress of the Primate Society of Japan, Kyoto University, Japan 8. Romano V, Duboscq J, Sarabian C, Thomas E, Sueur C, MacIntosh AJJ (2015) Modeling infection transmission in primate networks to predict centrality-based risk. The 35th Sunbelt Social Network Conference, Brighton, United Kingdom 7. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2015) On the origin of hygiene: Disgust, health and primate evolution. The 3rd International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Kyoto University, Japan (Poster) 6. Romano V, Duboscq J, Sarabian C, Thomas E, Sueur C, MacIntosh AJJ (2015) Modeling infection transmission in primate networks to predict centrality-based risk. Annual Doctoral School Days, Strasbourg, France 5. Sarabian C, Qaempanah M, Borhanynezhad Z, Kazemi S, Vahabzadeh H (2014) Roots & Shoots Iran: A promising program for environmental Education in the Middle-East. Student Conference on Conservation Science, Bangalore, India (Poster) 4. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2014) Hygienic tendencies limit parasite infection in Japanese macaques. The 2nd International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan (Poster) 3. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2014) In the dirt: hygienic behaviors and revulsion as parasite avoidance adaptations in Japanese macaques. The 25th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Hanoi, Vietnam (Poster) 2. Sarabian C, MacIntosh AJJ (2014) On the origin of hygiene: From Japanese macaques to African great apes. The 1st International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science, International Institute for Advanced Studies, Kizugawa, Japan (Poster) 1. MacIntosh AJJ, Sarabian C, Thomas E, Suzumura T, Kaneko A, Takeshita S, Mouri K, Itoh M, Shimizu K, Okamoto M (2013) A field-experimental approach to primate-parasite interactions: Filling in the knowledge-gaps. The 29th Congress of the Primate Society of Japan, Okayama, Japan
Invited lectures/seminars
19. From cognition & behavior to infection: primate responses to parasitic threat. European Federation of Primatology/German Primatological Society Seminar Series, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Online) 02/2021 18. Community-based conservation. Dr. Andrew MacIntosh's "Conservation Biology" undergraduate class, Kyoto University, Japan (Online) 15/09/2020 17. Engouement pour les "pet cafés" au Japon : une menace pour la biodiversité, la santé, et le bien-être animal ? Séminaire doctoral de la Maison Franco-Japonaise, Tokyo, Japan (Online) 21/07/2020 16. Disgust in animals. Dr. Kelly Finn's "Exotic Sensory Systems" undergraduate class, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA (Online) 13/05/2020 15. Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany 21/12/2018 14. Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany 18/12/2018 13. Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates. German Primate Center (DPZ), Göttingen, Germany 16/12/2018 12. Les origine du dégoût: Évolution des comportements d'évitement chez les primates. Institut d'Ethnologie de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, France 14/12/2018 11. Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates. Dr. Cédric Sueur's "Ethology & Ecophysiology" undergraduate class, University of Strasbourg, France 13/12/2018 10. Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates. Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France 11/12/2018 9. A primate's sense of cleanliness: Perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom 15/06/2017 8. Conservation strategies: public outreach and education. Dr. Andrew MacIntosh's "Conservation Biology" undergraduate class, Kyoto University, Japan 14/09/2017 7. A primate's sense of cleanliness: Perspectives from Papionini and Hominini. University of California Davis, United States 30/08/2016 6. Évitement des risques infectieux chez les primates non-humains. University of Kinshasa, DRCongo 24/06/2016 5. Évitement des risques infectieux chez les primates. Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary, Kinshasa, DRCongo 01/07/2016 4. Testing infection-risk avoidance in primates. National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea 22/03/2016 3. Aux origines de l'hygiène. Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon 29/09/2015 2. Hygiene origins. Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Uganda 30/08/2015 1. In the dirt: Hygienic tendencies limit parasite infection in Japanese macaques. Station de Primatologie CNRS, Rousset, France 18/03/2015
Outreach
10. Le monde fascinant des primates et comment le préserver. Ambassadeurs de la Biodiversité, Maison des Ceriseaux, Souppes-sur-Loing, France (Online) 20/12/2020 9. Recherches sur les primates, dégoût et conservation. Exploring by the seat of your pants/Canadian Geographic, Toronto, Canada (Online) 28/05/2020 8. Primate research. Exploring By the Seat of your pants, Toronto, Canada (Online) 14/05/2020 7. Disgust in non-human primates. JSPS Science Dialogue Program, Gifu Kamo High School, Gifu, Japan (Lecture to 10th graders) 30/01/2020 6. Testes that you can't afford (when you are a monogamous bird). Inuyama Nerds #5 (theme: "Year in review - describe your favorite science story of 2019") Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan 18/12/2019 5. In the dirt: Do other primates yuck? Nerd Nite Kansai #5, UrBANGUILD, Kyoto, Japan 06/04/2019 4. How do primates avoid diseases? Biodiversity Foundation, Seoul, South Korea 19/03/2016 3. Education as a key to Conservation. Biodiversity Foundation, Seoul, South Korea 19/03/2016 2. How to become a behavioral scatologist? Kalinzu Forest Education Center, Uganda 24/08/2015 1. L'hygiène chez les macaques de Koshima. Pierre Hilly Primary School, Ranville, France 20/03/2015
SCIENTIFIC MEETING ORGANIZATION
2. Co-organizer with Dr. Cécile Garcia (CNRS, Musée de l'Homme) of a roundtable between Kyoto University Primate Research Institute researchers and Musée de l'Homme researchers, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France 12/12/2018 1. Co-organizer with Dr. Rachel McMullan (The Open University), "Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours", Royal Society Theo Murphy International Scientific Meeting, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom 12-13/06/2016
CONGRESS PARTICIPATION
IUCN World Conservation Congress, Hawaii, USA (2016) Meetings, interviews, and reports for Conservation Voices and Conserv'Session
TEACHING
2017, 2020: Teaching assistant, Conservation Biology, undergraduate level, Kyoto University (taught by Prof. Andrew MacIntosh)
AD HOC REVIEWER
Behavioural Processes, Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, Behaviour, Biology Letters, Current Zoology, EcoHealth, Environmental Science & Technology, Evolution and Human Behavior, Functional Ecology, International Journal of Primatology, Journal of Experimental Biology, Oikos, Primates, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
GUEST EDITOR
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
MEDIA & OUTREACH
2019~ "Regards croisés sur le Wakhan" - a film about life and perspectives in Wakhan, Afghanistan, Paris, France (co-director and co-author) 2015~ Conserv’Session - screenings of conservation-/environment-/animal welfare-related documentaries and/or discussion between the public and invited experts, Kyoto, Japan (co-founder and facilitator) 2014~ Conservation Voices for The PrimateCast - a podcast series dedicated to animal conservation, Inuyama, Japan (co-host and co-producer) 2013~ Roots & Shoots Iran - education and environmental awareness, Mashhad, Iran (founder & overseas coordinator) 2012-2013 Le Monde Académie - an academia from the journal "Le Monde" dedicated to train aspiring journalists, Paris, France (journalist)
CULTURAL & GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS
Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States, Vietnam
LANGUAGE ABILITIES
French (native), English (fluent), Persian (moderate), German (moderate), Japanese (beginner), Lingala (beginner)